Instead of citing past beliefs or acts of a speaker, some ad hominem arguments aim at the source or origin of the speaker’s belief. Stephen Colbert, for example, dismisses scientists by explaining how they got caught up in sci- ence: “They’re physically awkward and lonely, so they spent their adoles- cence down by the creek studying the creatures that live there. ‘I may be ridiculed at school,’ they think, ‘but a crawfish would never judge me.’”2
This parody, of course, is supposed to show how silly it is to reject science because of its origin (even if this origin were plausible). When its origin is irrelevant to the truth of a claim, such arguments commit what is called the genetic fallacy. Whole movements are sometimes accused of genetic fallacies. Marxists often reject opposing views because those views arose under capi- talism. Freudians sometimes dismiss critics on the basis of how those critics were raised as children. Usually, the same kind of argument is available to their opponents as well. Critics of Freud sometimes cite his childhood and training to explain away his views. The fact that genetic arguments can be used just as well for contrary conclusions suggests that they do not really support either side.
The problem with genetic arguments is that lots of good ideas have ques- tionable origins. Much mathematics originated within Pythagorean cults. Gravity and much of chemical theory were first discussed by alchemists who were trying to turn lead into gold. The structure of the benzene ring is reported to have come to Kekule von Stradonitz in a dream about a snake biting its tail. Early religions were close to magic and were used by rich and powerful leaders to control their subordinates. In all of these cases, the ori- gin of the ideas cannot be used to refute those views or the arguments for them. Learning the genesis of an idea can help improve one’s understand- ing of its content and of the process of discovery. Origins sometimes indicate where to look for evidence or for objections. Still, to evaluate an idea or an argument, one should focus on that idea or argument, not on its origin.
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