Francis Cecil Sumner

The fact that Hall’s last graduate student was Francis Cecil Sumner (1895–1954), an African American, further testifies to his willingness to accept students who would have been, or were, rejected elsewhere at the time. Sumner was born in Pine Bluff, Arkan- sas, just over 30 years after the abolishment of slavery in the United States (1863). Because most African Americans who had been slaves had no last names, Sumner’s parents took their name out of respect for the one-time Massachusetts senator Charles Sumner (Guthrie, 2000). Francis attended elemen- tary schools in Virginia, New Jersey, and the District of Columbia. Little was available in the way of sec- ondary education for African Americans at the time, and that little was often of poor quality, so Francis obtained his secondary education through exten- sive reading under the guidance of his parents. After passing a written qualifying examination, Sumner was granted admission to Lincoln University, an African American institution in Pennsylvania, at the age of 15. In 1915, at age 20, he received a BA, magna cum laude, with special honors in English, modern language, Greek, Latin, and philosophy.

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